The Merit-Order Effect of Load-Shifting: An Estimate for the Spanish Market

Renewable producers can offer selling bids with very low marginal cost since they are not obliged to include on any cost related to the use of energy from the wind or sun. Accordingly, when the Market Operator integrates a renewable bid in the merit-order generation curve, all the generators based on conventional technologies, with higher marginal cost due to the cost of fuels, are displaced to the right. The right-shifting of the merit-order generation curve leads to a lower clearing price, a small increment of the traded energy (almost inelastic demand curve), and a reduction of the total cost of the energy traded in the wholesale market. This is the key mechanism of the well-known merit-order effect of renewables. Load-shifting (demand-side management) plans are expected to yield a reduction of the cost of the traded energy for the customers, since the cost-saving due to the energy eschewed at peak hours would be greater than the extra cost due to the increased demand at off-peak hours. This work will show that the main effects of load-shifting on the market are qualitatively similar to that of renewables, which exemplify the existence a “merit-order effect of load-shifting”. To analyse the characteristics of the merit-order effect of load-shifting, a simplified model has been developed, based on the displacement of the generation and demand curves. A set of scenarios has been generated in order to quantify the main effects on the Spanish/Iberian market for 2015.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, España (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain) grant ENE2016-77650-

Metodologías activas de enseñanza en la docencia de instalaciones eléctricas

Se presentan los resultados obtenidos de la adaptación de la asignatura de Instalaciones Eléctricas de la Titulación de Ingeniero Técnico Industrial para la aplicación de metodologías de enseñanza activas, con objeto de adecuarla a las nuevas directrices introducidas por el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior.Results are presented as obtained from the adaptation of the subject of Electrical Installations taught in the degree of Technical Industrial Engineering for the application of active teaching methods, implemented in order to tailor this subject to the new guidelines introduced by the European Higher Education Area (EHEA)

Assessing the decarbonisation effect of household photovoltaic self-consumption

Article number 128501The combination of falling renewable technology costs, with high and rising electricity prices and non-obstructive national regulations are making distributed generation increasingly attractive. In the case of photovoltaic (PV) systems, even domestic consumers find it profitable to self-produce part of their electricity demand, instead of purchasing all their energy from the grid, which is changing the current way of obtaining and consuming electricity. The purpose of this work is to estimate the decarbonisation effect in the Iberian/Spanish market, produced by domestic PV self-consumption, once the new regulation, passed in 2019, has removed the previous regulatory barriers in Spain. To achieve this goal, the nationwide, distributed, domestic PV self-production was turned into a reduction of the aggregate demand in the market, and the new clearing point and the corresponding dispatched generators list was established, by emulating the performance of the market operator. Based on 2016–2019 market data, the results suggest that self-consumption could decarbonise the Iberian electricity market, with an average rate of just over 300 tCO2-eq/year for each GWh/year of household PV self-consumed energy.Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento 718RT0564Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento US-1265887Centro de Desarrollo Industrial y Tecnológico de España CER-20191019Feder (UE) ENE2016-77650-

A Low-Cost Non-Intrusive Method for In-Field Motor Speed Measurement Based on a Smartphone

Induction motors are broadly used as drivers of a large variety of industrial equipment. A proper measurement of the motor rotation speed is essential to monitor the performance of most industrial drives. As an example, the measurement of rotor speed is a simple and broadly used industrial method to estimate the motor’s efficiency or mechanical load. In this work, a new low-cost non-intrusive method for in-field motor speed measurement, based on the spectral analysis of the motor audible noise, is proposed. The motor noise is acquired using a smartphone and processed by a MATLAB-based routine, which determines the rotation speed by identifying the rotor shaft mechanical frequency from the harmonic spectrum of the noise signal. This work intends to test the hypothesis that the emitted motor noise, like mechanical vibrations, contains a frequency component due to the rotation speed which, to the authors’ knowledge, has thus far been disregarded for the purpose of speed measurement. The experimental results of a variety of tests, from no load to full load, including the use of a frequency converter, found that relative errors on the speed estimation were always lower than 0.151%. These findings proved the versatility, robustness, and accuracy of the proposed method.Spanish MEC-Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness), co-funded by the European Commission (ERDF-European Regional Development Fund) ENE2016-77650-RMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (España) CERVERA research program of CDTI (Industrial and Technological Development Centre of Spain) research Project HySGrid+ CER-2019101

Renewables versus efficiency. A comparison for Spain

Along the last decades, renewable energy (especially wind) in Spain has undergone a significant development (lead by a small group of renewable promoters supported by institutional policies), contributing significantly to electric generation mix (42.8% renewable in 2014). On the contrary, the promotion of energy efficiency actions (accomplished by a large number of industrial and domestic consumers that are very poorly supported by energy policies), are still little explored. According to ODYSSEE-MURE, energy efficiency at the EU-28 level improved by 1.2%/year on average from 2000 to 2013, while for the case of Spain, the rate of improvement was only 0.6 %/year on average throughout that period (the lowest rate of energy efficiency improvement in the EU-28). This work seeks to compare the integration of renewable production with energy efficiency plans, in order to advance their potential economic impact in the wholesale market and consumers. To reach that goal, the hourly market data retrieved from the Spanish/Iberian Market Operator (OMIE) for 2014 will be used as a base. Then, a set of pseudoheuristic scenarios with integration of renewable production and energy efficiency (load saving) will be elaborated and analyzed to quantify what are expected to be the main effects on the Spanish electricity market and consumers. The results will show that energy efficiency exhibits the best performance in terms of economic efficiency (less cost of the traded energy) and environmental sustainability (greater replacement of fossil fuels).Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad PCIN-2015-043Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ENE2015-69597-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad ENE2014-54115-

A coordinated control of offshore wind power and bess to provide power system flexibility

Article number 4650The massive integration of variable renewable energy (VRE) in modern power systems is imposing several challenges; one of them is the increased need for balancing services. Coping with the high variability of the future generation mix with incredible high shares of VER, the power system requires developing and enabling sources of flexibility. This paper proposes and demonstrates a single layer control system for coordinating the steady‐state operation of battery energy storage system (BESS) and wind power plants via multi‐terminal high voltage direct current (HVDC). The proposed coordinated controller is a single layer controller on the top of the power converter‐based technologies. Specifically, the coordinated controller uses the capabilities of the distributed battery energy storage systems (BESS) to store electricity when a logic function is fulfilled. The proposed approach has been implemented considering a control logic based on the power flow in the DC undersea cables and coordinated to charging distributed‐BESS assets. The implemented coordinated controller has been tested using numerical simulations in a modified version of the classical IEEE 14‐bus test system, including tree‐HVDC converter stations. A 24‐h (1‐min resolution) quasi-dynamic simulation was used to demonstrate the suitability of the proposed coordinated control. The controller demonstrated the capacity of fulfilling the defined control logic. Finally, the instan-taneous flexibility power was calculated, demonstrating the suitability of the proposed coordinated controller to provide flexibility and decreased requirements for balancing power

The Merit-Order Effect of Energy Efficiency

The integration of certain amount of renewable generation in the wholesale market right-shifted the merit-order generation curve, which produces a noticeable reduction of the clearing price while slightly increases the traded energy (almost inelastic demand curve). The downward pressure on the clearing price is mainly due to the fact that the introduction of renewable generation bids with very low (even null) marginal cost, displaces to the right all kinds of conventional technologies (with higher marginal cost), including the technology which would otherwise have set the clearing market price. This right-shifted displacement of the merit-order generation curve leads to a lower wholesale clearing price, a small increment of the traded energy and a reduction of the total cost of the traded energy in the wholesale market. This is the key mechanism and its main effects on the market of the very well-known meritorder effect of the renewables. The promotion of energy-efficiency plans (industry and domestic) by policy-makers is expected to yield a reduction of the demand. As a result of the reduction of demand bids, the merit-order demand curve would experience a left-sifted displacement, which would produce a reduction of both the clearing price and the amount of traded energy. Consequently, the total cost of the traded energy also would diminish. As can be seen, the parallelism of the main effects on the market between the integration of renewable and energy efficiency evidences the existence of what can be called the merit-order effect of energy efficiency. To analyze the characteristics of this merit-order effect of the energy efficiency, a simplified model, based on the linearization of the market around the clearing point, is developed. This simplified model is also used to compare the merit-order effect of energy efficiency and renewables. A set of scenarios with energy efficiency and renewables have been generated in order to quantify the main effects on the Spanish/Iberian market for the year 2014

A Mixed Hybrid Algorithm for Integral Wind Farm Optimum Design

. Nowadays, the weight of the generation of renewable energies has grown spectacularly with regard to other conventional energies. This is due to diverse factors: a bigger environmental concern (Kyoto protocol, white-book in EU, etc.), the raising prices of the traditional fuels, etc. On the other hand, wind power has experienced a bigger grown, among the renewable energies. That is why the development of an effective tool for the design and lay-out of wind farms has a special relevance. This paper present a mix of evolutionary algorithms to look for the optimum integral design of the wind park taking into account all the part involved: number of wind generators, the type and the height of the wind generators, its location, the number and location of substations, the best layout of lowvoltage and high-voltage lines among wind generators, substations and the existing transmission lines, etc. Due to problem complexity, and as a first approach, the global optimization problem has been splitted in two main (uncoupled) parts, first the wind generators lay out and then the network configurationMinisterio de Ciencia y Tecnología ENE2004-03342/CONMinisterio de Ciencia y Tecnología DPI2002-04416-C04-02Junta de Andalucía ACC-1021-TIC-200

Measurement of the Speed of Induction Motors Based on Vibration with a Smartphone

Induction motors are key pieces of equipment in today’s society, powering a variety of industrial drives and home appliances. The induction motor speed is often used to monitor the performance of all kinds of industrial drives. For example, in the industrial field, the motor speed is very often used to determine the efficiency and mechanical load of motors. In this work, a new simple, low-cost, and nonintrusive procedure is proposed for infield measurement of induction motors speed, which is based on the spectral analysis of the vibration signal of the motors. The motor vibration signal is first acquired using the accelerometers integrated into a basic phone. The acquired signal is then treated by a MATLAB-based algorithm, which can determine the motor speed by identifying the mechanical frequency of the rotor shaft from the harmonic content of the vibration signal. In this way, it is shown that the mechanical frequency corresponding to the speed of rotation of the motors can be acquired by means of the embedded accelerometers of a common smartphone, avoiding the acquisition and installation of external accelerometers. To the authors’ knowledge, this could be the first time that a smartphone has been proposed as a practical means of measuring the speed of a motor by analysing its vibration. Experimental results from an extensive set of tests, including the supply of the motor from a frequency converter, show that the speed can always be measured with a relative error of less than 0.15%.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ENE2016-77650-RCYTED Network Program 718RT0564CERVERA research program of CDTI Project HySGrid CER-20191019Project I+D+i FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 US-126588

Adaptación de asignaturas técnicas al Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior

Se presenta una experiencia educativa en la docencia de dos asignaturas de la titulación de ingeniero técnico industrial, con objeto de adecuarla a las nuevas directrices introducidas por el espacio europeo de educación superior (eees) mediante la utilización de metodologías activas de enseñanza y las nuevas tecnologías.An educational experiment in teaching two subjects in the industrial technical engineering degree is presented in order to adapt to new guidelines introduced by the european Higher education Area (eHeA) through the use of active teaching methodologies and new technologies